Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ): literate or not?

Orientalists’ claims The conclusion they try to reach is that the Prophet (ﷺ) was likely literate, and later Muslims exaggerated illiteracy for theological reasons. The issue is not simplistic Even academically, this is not settled. It’s a multi-layered debate, not an indisputably proven view either way. There are three possible positions: The Qur’anic evidence The…

Does Hellfire exist now?

Among the authentic narrations of the Prophet ﷺ is the Hadith about Hellfire’s two “breaths”; one in summer and one in winter, which explains extreme heat and extreme cold on earth. Some critics raise objections to this narration, arguing that the Qur’ān mentions “when Hell is kindled” (Q.81:12), implying it does not yet exist. Others…