Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ): literate or not?

Orientalists’ claims “Ummī” does not mean illiterate (just “unscriptured” or “gentile”) The Qur’an doesn’t clearly prove the Prophet (ﷺ) couldn’t read/write Some Hadith show him writing or reading As a merchant, he must have been literate Pre-Islamic Arabia had literacy, so it’s unlikely he was illiterate The conclusion they try to reach is that the…

Does Hellfire exist now?

Among the authentic narrations of the Prophet ﷺ is the Hadith about Hellfire’s two “breaths”; one in summer and one in winter, which explains extreme heat and extreme cold on earth. Some critics raise objections to this narration, arguing that the Qur’ān mentions “when Hell is kindled” (Q.81:12), implying it does not yet exist. Others…